The well-documented potential for dry cleaners using perchloroethylene (PCE) to impact soil and groundwater has not been met with a commensurate regulatory response for water quality protection. Typically, dry cleaner releases are only discovered in the course of Phase II investigations for property transactions, or when PCE shows up in a nearby groundwater investigation, for example, at fuel leak sites. Unfortunately, in too many instances, the first indication of a dry cleaner release has been detection of PCE in water supply wells. While dry cleaners are held to stringent regulatory standards for air emissions, sewer discharges, and hazardous materials handling, there are currently no California regulations requiring ongoing monitoring of groundwater to detect releases from dry cleaners.
When PCE is detected in a supply well or on a neighboring property, it can be very difficult to attribute the release to a specific dry cleaner. PCE is used by many businesses, including automotive maintenance, printing, electronics manufacturing, and high temperature degreasing for various metal fabricating businesses. Dry cleaners have occupied many locations, sometimes for only a few years before moving to a new location, leaving multiple potential sources. Even as equipment upgrades and improved solvent handling practices have led to major improvements in minimizing solvent losses, a number of avenues remain by which PCE may escape operating dry cleaners.
This symposium focused on technologies for rapid and effective screening and subsurface characterization of former and current dry cleaning operations, forensic techniques for identifying contributors to PCE contamination, and a wide variety of innovative technologies for the remediation of PCE releases from dry cleaners. Case studies were featured representing the gamut of challenges dry cleaners pose for consultants and regulators alike. The Santa Clara Valley Dry Cleaner Study presented a county-wide view of dry cleaner impacts, and a panel discussion which included regulators, consultants, attorneys, water purveyors, and dry cleaning industry representatives. A featured presentation profiled the Lodi dry cleaner cases.
PROGRAM AGENDA
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| 7:00 - 5:00 PM |
Registration |
| 8:00 - 8:15 AM |
GRA Introduction
Tom Mohr and Sarah Raker, Symposium Co-Chairs
Source Investigation and Characterization Techniques Sarah Raker, Moderator |
| 8:15 - 8:40 |
The Past is the Key to the Present - Conducting Contamination Assessment Work at Dry Cleaning Sites
Bill Linn, Florida Department of Environmental Protection |
| 8:40 - 9:05 |
Investigations of PCE from Dry Cleaner Wastewater Separators
Peter Krasnoff, West Environmental Services & Technology |
| 9:05 - 9:30 |
Passive Soil Gas Sampling - Dry Cleaner Sites, Central Valley, California
Stephen Carlton, GeoTrans, Inc. |
| 9:30 - 9:55 |
An Integrated Geologic and Engineering Approach to Characterization and Remediation of a Chlorinated Solvent Source Area, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
John Karachewski, Weiss Associates |
| 9:55 - 10-15 |
BREAK
SPONSORED BY CHEMICAL RISK SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL
Health Risk from PCE Ingestion and Inhalation
James Clark, Moderator |
| 10:15 - 10:40 |
Risk Assessment of Perchloroethylene and Related Chemicals in Drinking Water
Robert Howd, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment |
| 10:40 - 11:05 |
Controlling Factors in the Quantification of Risk at Dry Cleaner Release Sites Norman Ozaki, SOMA Corporation |
Concurrent Session A - Remedial Strategies for Dry Cleaner Sites
Wendy Cohen, Moderator
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| 11:05 - 11:30 |
In Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation of a Former Dry Cleaner Site at Naval Station Treasure Island
Daniel Leigh, Shaw Environmental, Inc. |
| 11:30 - 11:55 |
Remedial Solutions Supporting Brownfields Revitalization - Hydraulic Fracturing, Bio-Stimulation, and Brownfields Economics
Scott Andrews, ARCADIS Inc. |
| KEYNOTE LUNCHEON PRESENTATION |
| 1:05 - 1:30 |
Remedial Strategies and Economics of Dry Cleaner Sites in Southern California
Bita Tabatabai, ENVIRON International Corporation |
| 1:30 - 1:55 |
A Practical Approach to Choosing Between Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation
Barry Molnaa, ARCADIS Inc. |
Concurrent Session B - Remedial Strategies for Dry Cleaner Sites
Janet Peters, Moderator
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| 11:05 - 11:30 |
The Role of Treatability Testing in Remediating Dry Cleaner Sites Cindy G. Schreier, PRIMA Environmental |
| 11:30 - 11:55 |
Use of Iron Based Technologies for Remediation of Dry Cleaner Sites John Vogan, EnviroMetal Technologies, Inc. |
| KEYNOTE LUNCHEON PRESENTATION |
| 1:05 - 1:30 |
Electrical Resistive Heating: An Emerging Technology for Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Source Areas
Dwight Hoenig, Clayton Group Services, Inc. |
| 1:30 - 1:55 |
Remediation with Permanganate: Current State of the Art
Brenda Veronda, Carus Chemical Company |
| 12:00 - 1: 00 |
LUNCH and KEYNOTE PRESENTATION
A Special Presentation By:
Arthur Baggett, Jr., State Water Resources Control Board
An Overview of State Dry Cleaner Remediation Programs
Richard DeZeeuw, State Coalition for Remediation of Dry Cleaners Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
Assessing and Managing Water Supply Impacts from Dry Cleaner Release Sites
Barry Molnaa Moderator |
| 1:55 - 2:20 |
National PCE and Dry Cleaner Damage Assessment Model
Paul Rosenfeld, UCLA Department of Environmental Science and Engineering |
| 2:20 - 2:45 |
PCE Defective Product Litigation
Scott Summy, The Water Lawyer, Baron & Budd |
| 2:45 - 3:00 |
BREAK |
| 3:00 - 4:00 |
The Lodi Dry Cleaner Case Study- Lessons Learned
Steven Goldberg, Moderator
Representatives including:
Dan Bradshaw, LFR Levine Fricke
Lori Gualco, Esq.
Steven Goldberg, Esq., Downey, Brand, Seymour & Rohwer LLP
Duncan Austin, Regional Water Quality Control Board
D. Stephen Schwabauer, Deputy City Attorney, City of Lodi
Fred Stanin, Malcolm Pirnie |
| 4:00 - 5:00 |
Policy Discussion
Tom Johnson Moderator
Wendy Cohen, California Regional Water Quality Control Board- Central Valley Region
Sandra Giarde, California Cleaners Association
Jan Greben, Greben & Associates
Richard DeZeeuw, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
James Crowley, Santa Clara Valley Water District
TBA, Halogenated Solvents Industry |
| 5:00 - 7:00 |
Reception and Poster Session |
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POSTERS
- Full-Scale In-Situ Reactive Zone (IRZTM) Lessons Learned
Scott Davis, ARCADIS, Inc.
- The Effects of Chemical Property Variability on the Risk Assessment of Dry Cleaning Chemicals
David Jeffrey, Ph.D., Best Science Environmental, LLC
- Bio-Stimulation for PCE Biodegradation Using Cheese Whey
Stephen Henshaw, Environmental Forensics Investigations, Inc.
- An Improved PBPK Model of Perchloroethylene (PCE): Risk Assessment Implications
Janet Kester, Ph.D., ENVIRON Health Sciences Institute
- Dry Cleaner PE Plumes and Municipal Wellfield Operation in the California Central Valley
John Lambie, S.S. Papadopulos & Associates
- Cumulative Impacts of Dry Cleaning Plants in Santa Clara County, California
Thomas Mohr, Santa Clara Valley Water District
- Efficient and Innovative Methods to Remediate Small Dry Cleaning Sites
Barry Molnaa, ARCADIS, Inc.
- Behavior of a Single HRC Application in Excavation Backfill
Michael Stevens, Hart Crowser, Inc.
- Distinguishing Operational Releases Versus Spills for Insurance Allocation
Nicole Sweetland, Ph.D., Daniel B. Stephens & Associates, Inc.
- The Lodi Central Plume Area - Correlation of PCE Releases to Indoor Air
Harold R. (Bud) Duke, R.G. James Hope, David L. Berry, Ph.D., and Michael Vivas, P.E., Northern California Cleanup OP Branch, Department of Toxic Substances Control
CONFERENCE COMMITTEE: GRA thanks the following organizations for providing their staff's time, expertise, and resources to organize this event:
Santa Clara Valley Water District - Tom Mohr (Symposium Co-Chair) and John McHugh
San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board - Sarah Raker (Symposium Co-Chair)
LFR Levine Fricke - Tom Johnson, Don Bradshaw, Jenifer Beatty
ARCADIS G&M, Inc. - Scott Davis, Janet Peters, Mark Fenner
SWAPE Inc. - James Clark, Paul Rosenfeld
Kiff Analytical Laboratories - Joel Kiff and Shelley Gardner
EMAX Laboratory - Jim Carter |
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